Years 9-10

Explore examples of: 

• immigration schemes and policies that show how the peopling of New Zealand was influenced by predominant views of the times (for example, the Wakefield and Vogel schemes, assisted immigration following the First and Second World Wars; views of New Zealand as a ‘fairer Britain of the South Seas’ and a ‘Better Britain’; dominant views of ‘ideal’ citizens as white, non-alien, able-bodied, and able-minded)
• laws of the time controlling immigration – for example, the Chinese Immigrants Act 1881, Imbecile Passengers Act 1882, Immigration Restriction Act 1899, Undesirable Immigrants Exclusion Act 1919, Immigration Restriction Amendment Act 1920, and Immigration Act 1987
• the impact of these laws and contemporary views – groups were excluded (for example, the Chinese, the disabled), marginalised (for example, Māori, who made up 95% of the population in 1840 and 5% in 1900), and discriminated against (for example, Indians, Pacific communities), which generated resistance (for example, via petitions, the Disability Action Group, and the Polynesian Panthers) and subsequent government apologies (for example, for the Chinese poll tax and the dawn raids)
• how changes in immigration policy have transformed the ethnic make-up of Aotearoa New Zealand, evidenced by statistics, images, and personal experiences (for example, the impact of the 1987 shift in focus to skills, family reunification, and refugee commitments).

Explore examples of: 

• New Zealand’s participation in international conflicts, in particular the First and Second World Wars, and the Vietnam War; other examples could include the South African War, the Korean War, and the Malayan Emergency
• changing forms of participation – for example, the shift from direct involvement in combat towards peacekeeping, social and economic development, and training; the shift from largely uncriticised, patriotic participation in the South African War and the First World War to greater conscription and a more significant home-front impact in the Second World War; the participation of professional military and the increasing inclusion of women; the shift from punishment and ostracism of the few who did not participate (for example, for the First World War, conscientious objectors and Waikato iwi led by Te Puea Hērangi) to greater acceptance of public protest (for example, against the Vietnam War), and to the 2008 Crown apology for the treatment of Vietnam War veterans
• remembrance – for example, the difference between our remembrance of international wars and the New Zealand Wars, with their past and continuing impact on Māori; remembering achievements and loss (for example, the great sacrifice and willingness to do our duty in the First World War, the fight against fascism and militarism in the Second World War, and the service of the 28th Māori Battalion); how we are selective in our memories (for example, the battle at Gallipoli compared with those at Passchendaele and the Somme, war in Europe and Africa compared with war in the Pacific, and the limited visibility of the contribution of Pacific, Chinese, and Indian troops to the New Zealand war effort); what we prefer to not remember (for example, field punishments and Palestinian murders in the First World War, the Featherston prisoner-of-war-camp killings, and the Hautu Detention Camp).

Explore examples of: 

• episodes from the Waikato Wars – other examples could include the Northern Wars, conflicts in Wellington and Whanganui, and the Taranaki War
• the impact of legislation – confiscations under the New Zealand Settlements Act 1863, and the establishment of individual titles for communal Māori land under the Native Lands Act 1865; other examples could include the Public Works Lands Act 1864, assimilation as a result of the Native Schools Act 1867, and the dispensing of trials for Parihaka partipants via the Māori Prisoners Act 1880
• the impact of land-buying policy – almost the whole of the South Island was purchased extremely cheaply with virtually no benefit to tangata whenua; in many cases, promises to set aside reserves and build hospitals and schools were not kept
• Māori attempts to remedy injustice and renegotiate the colonial relationship, through working inside the Crown system (for example, petitions to the Crown, the Young Māori Party, Rātana political candidates, and the Māori Party); alongside the Crown system (for example, the 1860 Kohimarama conference, Kīngitanga, Kauhanganui parliament, Kotahitanga parliament, and Māori Women’s Welfare League); and outside the Crown system (for example, by Tītokowaru, Te Kooti, Te Ua Haumēne, Te Whiti-o-Rongomai and Tohu Kākahi from Parihaka, Rua Kēnana, and Te Maihāroa at Te Ao Mārama). By the 21st century, some Māori groups were also looking to the United Nations for support and recognition
• Waitangi Tribunal investigations and Crown settlements.

Explore examples of: 

• New Zealand’s involvement with Pacific states
  • for example, the granting of independence to Samoa in 1962 (part of a post-Second-World-War global trend towards decolonisation supported by the United Nations); the Treaty of Friendship, signed the same year, ensured a close political and economic relationship continued between the two countries
  • for example, through phosphate mining in Nauru, resistance to French nuclear testing, trade, seasonal employment opportunities, scholarships for Pacific sports people, the involvement of Pacific states in New Zealand’s international wars, peacekeeping (for example, in Bougainville and Timor-Leste), advocacy for democracy (for example, in Fiji), and climate change advocacy.

Explore examples of: 

• practices that transformed the landscape and impacted on ecosystems – for example, burning forests; clearing bush, tussock, and wetland for fenced pasture; agriculture (for example, sheep, beef, dairying, market gardening, and viticulture); the introduction of colonising plants (for example, gorse) and animals (for example, possums, rabbits, ferrets, deer, stoats, and weasels); exotic forest planting (for example, of radiata pine on the Kāingaroa plains in the 1920s and 1930s); extractive industries (for example, for gold, timber, and coal), with their associated ‘boom and bust’ transformation of places (for example, the West Coast gold-rush towns of Ross, Hokitika, Kumara, Reefton); the building of railways, roads, and bridges, extending settlement into less accessible places and supporting the growth and spread of towns and cities
• colonial naming and renaming – the replacement of Māori names to claim ownership of places (for example, provinces, towns, cities), features of the natural environment (for example, mountains and rivers), and flora and fauna
• the conservation of areas of natural beauty – for tourism (for example, the Pink and White Terraces, Fox Glacier, and the Whanganui River as the ‘Rhine of the South’), for their cultural and scenic value (for example, via the Wild Birds Protection Act 1864, the Scenery Preservation Act 1903, the establishment of the Forest and Bird Society and the Waipoua Forest Sanctuary), but with at times damaging consequences for Māori (for example, through inadequate compensation, land confiscation, and denial of promised access)
• environmental protection and collective action – for example, soil conservation; the Manapouri dam project, which marked the beginning of widespread public awareness and a fundamental change in consciousness about how economic growth can have damaging environmental consequences; the Mãori-initiated Manukau claim and the subsequent statutory allowance for Māori environmental concerns (for example, via the Resource Management Act 1991).

Explore examples of: 

• the state’s management of a developing international economy to support growth – for example, through technological advancements (for example, refrigeration) supported by big government borrowing for infrastructure development (for example, of roads, rail, bridges, and harbours).

Explore examples of: 

• the state’s management of the economy in ways that damaged the Māori economy – for example, through land transfers to Pākehā, confiscations, the Native Land Court, and the Public Works Lands Act 1864; and through state support for Pākehā (for example, the Vogel scheme, the Land for Settlements Act 1894, and the Government Advances to Settlers Act 1894, which provided financial support to Pākehā farmers but not to Māori)
• the vulnerability of New Zealand to the international economy – for example, as evidenced by our heavy dependence on agricultural products and almost sole reliance on exports to Britain; by boom periods of wealth (for example, from the mid-1890s to the First World War, and in the 1950s); by the impacts of the Long Depression of the 1870s and 1880s and of the Great Depression of the 1930s; by the oil crisis of 1973; by the restriction on exports when Britain joined the European Union in 1973, and the resulting challenge of broadening our export markets; and by large-scale deregulation in the 1980s, with severe impacts on many formerly protected sectors of the economy (for example, farming and public services such as railways and post offices).